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1 extraction
extraction [ɪk'strækʃən]∎ the extraction of stone from the quarry l'extraction de la pierre de la carrière;∎ she needs two extractions and three fillings il faut lui arracher deux dents et en plomber trois∎ of noble/humble extraction de noble/modeste extraction;∎ he is of Scottish extraction il est d'origine écossaise -
2 extraction
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3 extraction
[ɪks'trækʃən]n( of tooth) usunięcie nt, wyrwanie nt, ekstrakcja f (fml); ( descent) pochodzenie nt; ( of mineral) ( from ground) wydobycie nt; ( from another substance) uzyskanie nt; (of promise, confession) wymuszenie nt; ( of money) wyłudzenie nthe is of Scottish extraction, he is Scottish by extraction — jest z pochodzenia Szkotem
* * *[-ʃən]1) (race or parentage: He is of Greek extraction.) pochodzenie2) ((an) act of extracting eg a tooth.) ekstrakcja, usuwanie -
4 MacArthur, John Stewart
[br]b. December 1856 Hutchesontown, Glasgow, Scotlandd. 16 March 1920 Pollokshields, Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish industrial chemist who introduced the "cyanide process" for the commercial extraction of gold from its ores.[br]MacArthur served his apprenticeship in the laboratory of Tennant's Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company in Glasgow. In 1886 he was appointed Technical Manager of the Tennant-run Cassel Gold Extracting Company. By 1888 he was advocating a treatment scheme in which gold was dissolved from crushed rock by a dilute solution of alkali cyanide and then precipitated onto finely divided zinc. During the next few years, with several assistants, he was extremely active in promoting the new gold-extraction technique in various parts of the world. In 1894 significant sums in royalty payments were received, but by 1897 the patents had been successfully contested; henceforth the Cassel Company concentrated on the production and marketing of the essential sodium cyanide reagent.MacArthur was Managing Director of the Cassel Company from 1892 to 1897; he resigned as a director in December 1905. In 1907 he created the Antimony Recovery Syndicate, and in 1911 he set up a small plant at Runcorn, Cheshire, to produce radium salts. In 1915 this radium-extraction activity was transferred to Balloch, south of Loch Lomond, where it was used until some years after his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Mining and Metallurgy Gold Medal 1902.Bibliography10 August 1888, jointly with R.W.Forrest and W.Forrest, British patent no. 14,174. 13 July 1889, jointly with R.W.Forrest and W. Forrest, British patent no. 10,223. 1905, "Gold extraction by cyanide: a retrospect", Journal of the Society of ChemicalIndustry (15 April):311–15.Further ReadingD.I.Harvie, 1989, "John Stewart MacArthur: pioneer gold and radium refiner", Endeavour (NS) 13(4):179–84 (draws on family documents not previously published).JKABiographical history of technology > MacArthur, John Stewart
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5 descent
[dɪ'sent]1) (downward motion) discesa f. (on, upon su)2) (extraction) discendenza f.* * *[-t]1) (the act of descending: The descent of the hill was quickly completed.) discesa2) (a slope: That is a steep descent.) discesa3) (family; ancestry: She is of royal descent.) discendenza, famiglia* * *descent /dɪˈsɛnt/n.1 discesa: a steep descent, una discesa ripida; Their descent from the summit took two days, la loro discesa dalla vetta è durata due giorni; The plane has started its descent, l'aereo ha iniziato la discesa2 [u] discendenza; lignaggio: He is of royal descent, è di discendenza reale; I am of Scottish descent, sono di origine scozzese3 calata; arrivo improvviso; attacco; the descent of the barbarians, la discesa (o la calata) dei barbari; the descent on Rome of thousands of tourists, l'arrivo improvviso a Roma di migliaia di turisti; the descent of the locusts, l'attacco delle locuste4 [u] caduta (fig.): descent into chaos [anarchy], caduta nel caos [nell'anarchia]; his descent into drug addition, la sua caduta nella tossicodipendenza5 (leg.) discendenza* * *[dɪ'sent]1) (downward motion) discesa f. (on, upon su)2) (extraction) discendenza f. -
6 Les nationalités
Les adjectifs ethniques comme anglais peuvent aussi qualifier des langues (par ex. un mot anglais ⇒ Les langues) et des choses (par ex. la cuisine anglaise ⇒ Les États, les pays et les continents).En anglais, les noms et les adjectifs ethniques se forment de plusieurs manières. On peut distinguer cinq groupes. Noter que l’anglais emploie la majuscule dans tous les cas, pour l’adjectif et pour le nom.1er groupe: le nom et l’adjectif ont la même forme.Le nom pluriel prend un s.un Allemand= a German ou (s’il est nécessaire de distinguer) a German manune Allemande= a German ou a German womanles Allemands (en général)= the Germans ou Germans ou German peoplec’est un Allemand= he’s German ou he’s a Germanil est allemand= he’s GermanDans ce groupe: American, Angolan, Belgian, Brazilian, Chilean, Cypriot, Czech, Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Iranian, Italian, Jamaican, Mexican, Moroccan, Norwegian, Pakistani, Russian, Thai etc.2e groupe: le nom s’obtient en ajoutant le mot man ou woman à l’adjectif.un Japonais= a Japanese manune Japonaise= a Japanese womanles Japonais (en général)= the Japanese* ou Japanese peoplec’est un Japonais= he’s Japaneseil est japonais= he’s Japanese* Japanese est un adjectif utilisé comme nom: il prend toujours l’article défini et ne prend jamais de s.Dans ce groupe: Burmese, Chinese, Congolese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Vietnamese etc.3e groupe: le nom s’obtient en ajoutant le suffixe -man ou -woman à l’adjectif.un Anglais= an Englishmanune Anglaise= an Englishwomanles Anglais (en général)= the English† ou English peoplec’est un Anglais= he’s English ou he’s an Englishmanil est anglais= he’s English† English est un adjectif utilisé comme nom: il prend toujours l’article défini et ne prend jamais de s.Dans ce groupe: French, Dutch, Irish, Welsh etc.4e groupe: le nom et l’adjectif sont des mots différents.Le nom pluriel prend un s.un Danois= a Dane ou a Danish manune Danoise= a Dane ou a Danish womanles Danois (en général)= Danes ou the Danes ou Danish peoplec’est un Danois= he’s Danish ou he’s a Daneil est danois= he’s DanishDans ce groupe: Finn ( nom): Finnish ( adjectif); Icelander: Icelandic; Pole: Polish; Scot: Scottish; Spaniard: Spanish; Swede: Swedish; Turk: Turkish etc.5e groupe: quelques cas particuliers, qui n’ont pas d’adjectif, par ex. la Nouvelle-Zélande:un Néo-Zélandais= a New Zealanderune Néo-Zélandaise= a New Zealanderles Néo-Zélandais (en général)= New Zealandersc’est un Néo-Zélandais= he’s a New Zealanderil est néo-zélandais= he’s a New ZealanderQuelques autres expressions permettant de parler de la nationalité de quelqu’un en anglais:il est né en Angleterre= he was born in Englandil vient d’Angleterre= he comes from Englandil est d’origine anglaise= he’s of English extractionil est citoyen britannique= he’s a British citizenil est citoyen néo-zélandais= he’s a New Zealand citizenc’est un ressortissant britannique= he’s a British national -
7 Menzies, Michael
[br]b. end of the seventeenth century Lanarkshire, Scotland (?)d. 13 December 1766 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and lawyer.[br]Menzies was admitted as a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 31 January 1719. It is evident from his applications for patents that he was more concerned with inventions than the law, however. He took out his first patent in 1734 for a threshing machine in which a number of flails were attached to a horizontal axis, which was moved rapidly forwards and backwards through half a revolution, essentially imitating the action of an ordinary flail. The grain to be threshed was placed on either side.Though not a practical success, Menzies's invention seems to have been the first for the mechanical threshing of grain. His idea of imitating non-mechanized action also influenced his invention of a coal cutter, for which he took out a patent in 1761 and which copied miners' tools for obtaining coal. He proposed to carry heavy chains down the pit so that they could be used to give motion to iron picks, saws or other chains with cutting implements. The chains could be set into motion by a steam-engine, by water-or windmills, or by horses gins. Although it is quite obvious that this apparatus could not work, Menzies was the first to have thought of mechanizing coal production in the style that was in use in the late twentieth century. Subsequent to Menzies's proposal, many inventors at varying intervals followed this direction until the problem was finally solved one century later by, among others, W.E. Garforth.Menzies had successfully used the power of a steam-engine on the Wear eight years beforehand, when he obtained a patent for raising coal. According to his device a descending bucket filled with water raised a basket of coals, while a steam-engine pumped the water back to the surface; the balance-tub system, in various forms, quickly spread to other coalfields. Menzies's patent from 1750 for improved methods of carrying the coals from the coalface to the pit-shaft had also been of considerable influence: this device employed self-acting inclined planes, whereon the descending loaded wagons hauled up the empty ones.[br]Further ReadingThe article entitled "Michael Menzies" in the Dictionary of National Biography neglects Menzies's inventions for mining. A comprehensive evaluation of his influence on coal cutting is given in the introductory chapter of S.F.Walker, 1902, Coal-Cutting byMachinery, London.WK
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